Unmasking the danger of privacy coins

 

Technology supporting cryptocurrencies is used in the real world for drug trafficking, human trafficking, sexual exploitation and smuggling of goods 

Cryptocurrencies that emphasise anonymity and encryption are frequently used by criminals

USING state-of-the-art technology to support cryptocurrencies is a double-edged sword. It facilitates cross-border payments and remittances as well as financial inclusion for the underbanked or unbanked but is increasingly used for criminal activities.

It is used in the real world for drug trafficking, human trafficking, sexual exploitation and smuggling of goods, rather than just cybercrime like ransomware attacks.

According to a European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) report in 2022, cryptocurrencies are being used for all types of crime requiring financial transmissions, the scale of which is difficult to estimate. Europol noted that criminals have also become more sophisticated in using cryptocurrencies to in complex money-laundering schemes.

Both Europol and the Basel Institute on Governance, which also published a report in 2022, point to the rapid progress of technologies involving cryptocurrencies and the challenges governments have in keeping up through legislation and law enforcement or the need to develop and adapt through investigative technologies and techniques.

It is only now that anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) processes common in transactions involving fiat money are starting to take into account cryptocurrency transactions.

Bank Negara and the Securities Commission (SC) have guidelines for cryptocurrencies and have hired specialists to monitor or regulate them. Now, the Malaysian Anti-corruption Commission (MACC) is looking at raising the capabilities of its officers who address cases in which cryptocurrencies are used to conceal financial trails.

The move involves further specialised training as well as acquiring advanced technology and equipment. In Malaysia, people can own cryptocurrencies and they can be traded on licensed digital exchanges, but are not considered legal tender.

Some say that the MACC is late to the game as the police already have the capabilities through the Kuala Lumpur-based Cryptocurrency Analysis Laboratory, which was jointly opened with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2022. It is the first such laboratory in South-east Asia.

In fact, a series of fraud or scams leveraging cryptocurrencies have been crippled through this crime laboratory capability going from past news reports.

Also, Bank Negara and the SC have been exploring solutions for the past year or two.

A lawyer specialising in cryptocurrency projects shares that its basically track-and-trace to follow the money trail through the blockchain, which is essentially a digital ledger where all transactions are recorded and confirmed. Unlike cash, cryptocurrency transactions are highly traceable from start to finish, and with the right tools, can be mapped out how illicit funds have moved and how they are being funnelled.

When these tools acquire more data, they can also flag out wallet addresses that have been sanctioned or linked to illegal sources, which means authorities will also know whether the funds are tainted.

Compared with the banking system, tracing funds through the blockchain’s public digital ledger is easier, even when these funds cross borders.

According to the lawyer, the police can easily trace illicit fund flows even if a circuitous route is used. Banks have limited tracing ability and cooperation of foreign correspondent banks and law enforcement will be needed once funds cross borders.

Banking laws in other countries may differ pertaining to privacy and disclosure and in most cases, a court order is needed to request information.

There is a need to better understand altcoins such as privacy coins, as these cryptocurrencies that emphasise anonymity and encryption are frequently used by criminals.

There are many privacy coins including Monero, Dash and Zcash but Monero seems to be the cryptocurrency of choice among criminals. They work by enabling anonymous transactions through obscuring both sender and receiver addresses.

What makes them even more useful is that the transaction amounts are also hidden through the use of an obfuscated public ledger specifically for privacy.

The MACC as well as other law enforcement agencies will have to equip themselves with the right tools and know-how to confront these challenges.

Europol describes it thus: “Often illicit funds do not flow straight from wallet to wallet. They instead travel through a multi-step process involving different financial entities, many of which are novel and are not yet part of standardised, regulated financial payment markets.

“Obfuscation methods and other countermeasures continue to be developed and used by criminals.”

Other methods used by criminals include over-the-counter trading in which tracing the trade is almost impossible. Initially used for smaller transactions, there are signs that it is now being used for much bigger ones.

The enormity of the challenges confronting law enforcement agencies such as the MACC is that privacy coins are hard to track as most have been delisted by cryptocurrency exchanges under pressure from governments and no one knows how prevalent the use of these coins is.

Criminal networks often use unlicensed exchanges with looser AML and KYC processes, enabling transactions that involve a complex series of steps to throw off authorities, before eventually being traded for fiat currency.

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BASIC MEASURES WILL KEEP HMPV AT BAY

Understanding HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus) helps us stay ...

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Experts: Virus is common and no cause for panic

 GEORGE TOWN: Despite the spread of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) that brings runny noses to common influenza-like illnesses, Malaysians can still go on their Chinese New Year holidays with peace of mind, say health experts.

Most of the viruses that cause these respiratory disorders are present in Malaysia throughout the year but infection spikes in temperate countries during their winter months can increase local infection rates due to international travel, they said.

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) family medicine specialist Dr Mastura Mohd Sopian said HMPV, which is recording a significant number of cases in China, had affected Malaysia due to the heavy flow of travellers between the two countries.

She said genetically, HMPV shares similarities with Covid-19, as both are ribonucleic acid (RNA) based viruses.

“HMPV is not as severe as Covid-19, particularly in terms of transmission risk. It doesn’t spread as quickly nor is it as dangerous as Covid-19.

“While its structure is somewhat similar, the replication process and other genetic factors differ, making it less impactful compared with Covid-19,” she said.

Dr Mastura said the basic precautions learned during the pandemic years are enough to keep HMPV at bay – these include frequent hand-washing, wearing masks, avoiding crowded places and limiting activities in enclosed spaces like malls.

ALSO READ: Health Ministry monitoring rise in acute respiratory infections

USM virologist Dr Kumitaa Theva Das said HMPV is a common virus and most adults would have been infected by it at least once.

“They might not realise it because the symptoms are so much like the flu. There have been cases where the symptoms can progress to bronchitis or pneumonia in those who are very young or elderly with a weakened immune system, but these are rare.

“Like any virus, HMPV can spread when in close contact with droplets left by an infected person, through coughing and sneezing.

'CLICK TO ENLARGE'

“We could also become exposed if we touch our mouth, nose or eyes after touching an infected surface.

“Since HMPV infections occur in younger children, families travelling with kids can be more mindful and seek medical help if a respiratory infection is prolonged or gets more severe,” she added.

State health committee chairman Daniel Gooi Zi Sen said so far the situation in Penang is under control and tightly monitored by health authorities there.

He advised the public to take the same safety measures they did during the Covid-19 pandemic as a precaution and to prevent further spread.

He said those who experience prolonged or worsening symptoms should seek medical attention immediately at the nearest healthcare facility.

Gooi added that the public can use the same techniques they used during the pandemic, like always covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, either by using a tissue or wearing a face mask.

He said wearing a face mask is highly recommended, particularly for people at high risk of infection or those showing symptoms.

This is especially important in enclosed or crowded spaces where the risk of transmission is higher.

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Be good, you are on cop camera

Keeping in check: Konst Wan Mohd Hazwan from the MPV unit showing his body-worn camera at IPD Dang Wangi in Kuala Lumpur. — AZHAR MAHFOF/The Star

KUALA LUMPUR: If you get stopped by a policeman and there is a green light blinking on his left chest, beware – you are on camera!

And there will be no getting away with any hanky-panky.

CLICK TO ENLARGE

After years of planning, police are finally being equipped with more than 7,000 bodycams, better known as Body Worn Cameras (BWCs).

The implementation of the BWCs will be done nationwide in stages, with frontline personnel – the patrol and traffic units – getting priority.

ALSO READ: BWC use must be monitored, say groups

“It started with the police contingents in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor on Oct 15 followed by Perlis on Nov 15 and Johor on Dec 10,” said Comm Datuk Wan Hassan Wan Ahmad, Bukit Aman’s Crime Prevention and Community Safety Department director.“So far 2,760 BWCs have been distributed as of Dec 10.

“For other police contingents, the process of registering user IDs for the purpose of check-ins of the use of the cameras is still ongoing,” he told The Star recently.

The full nationwide roll-out for all 7,648 BWCs will be completed by March next year.

“They will be available at 157 district police headquarters and 640 police stations nationwide.

“The distribution of the cameras will prioritise officers and personnel with the Mobile Patrol Vehicle (MPV) and the Motorcycle Patrol Units (URB) as well as those with the department who are conducting crime prevention patrols.

“They will also be distributed to Traffic Investigation and Enforcement Department officers conducting traffic enforcement duties.

“BWCs will also be used in other police operations on a case-by-case basis,” he added.

Comm Wan Hassan said a successful pilot run was conducted from June 9 to July 14 at the Kuala Lumpur and Selangor police contingents.

The cameras were able to capture all the action of police officers along with their location when they interacted with the public, he said.

“It (BWC use) can elevate the image of the police force and increase people’s confidence in the police. It also improves transparency,” he added.

All those assigned with BWCs will be provided ample training prior to using it, he said.

“The BWCs will also be able to record up to eight hours of audio and video and there is a green light indicator (on top of the device) showing that it is switched on.

“Each user is equipped with a special BWC ID while on duty. Failure to switch on the BWC while on duty will result in disciplinary action,” he explained.

Those wearing BWCs are required to keep them on throughout their shift except during prayers or when going to the toilet.

“The video and audio recordings (from the BWCs) can be used as evidence in an investigation or prosecution.

“It can also protect the police and people from any baseless allegations.

“The BWCs will not only be able to curb wrongdoing and integrity problems among MPV and URB personnel, but also protect them from unwarranted criticism while going about their duties.

“We hope it will increase the integrity of those on duty and curb any possible wrongdoing or misdemeanours,” he added.

Asked if there were plans to expand the use of the BWCs to other police divisions and units, Comm Wan Hassan said plans were in the pipeline.

“However, we will need additional funds make these plans a reality,” he said.

Comm Wan Hassan said the police would move forward with the use of the latest technology in line with modern policing to curb and prevent crime.

“With technology advancing further, police work has become more challenging. I hope the BWCs would be able to improve the integrity of those in the force and increase the ‘feel safe’ factor among the public,” he added.

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Jet-set thieves give the slip

 

Caught in the act: A suspect being detained on a local commercial flight for theft recently. — Courtesy photograph

Mid-air heists see cash, jewellery stolen from unwary passengers

PETALING JAYA: Commercial airlines are becoming a hot spot for jet-setting thieves who orchestrate mid-air heists on unsuspecting passengers.

Two weeks ago, two Chinese nationals were fined a total of RM5,700 by the Balik Pulau Magistrates’ Court for stealing over RM5,500 from two Malaysians during a flight from Penang to Kuala Lumpur.

This incident is the latest in a series of thefts that have occurred onboard commercial airlines recently.

On Oct 26 this year, The Star reported the arrest of a 49-year-old man from mainland China on suspicion of stealing more than HK$4,300 (RM2,430) from two passengers during a flight from Malaysia to Hong Kong.

ALSO READ: 267 inflight missing item reports lodged at KLIA since 2022 

Recently, during a flight from Penang to Kuala Lumpur, a male suspect was caught red-handed stealing RM3,000 cash belonging to another passenger.

Apprehended on board, the perpetrator was handed over to the authorities upon landing.

Most of these thefts have gone unreported, as most victims do not realise they have been robbed until long after they have disembarked the aircraft.

On Dec 4, the Hong Kong security chief revealed that thefts on board aircraft bound for Hong Kong almost doubled this year.

According to government data, a total of 169 reports were lodged in the first 10 months of 2024 against 92 recorded in the whole of last year.

What was stolen was mostly cash in various currencies, expensive jewellery, luxury watches and credit cards totalling about HK$4.32mil (RM2.46mil).

A commercial pilot told The Star that these thefts happened quite frequently and were often orchestrated by syndicates.

“These thefts normally occur on Vietnam, Bangkok and China routes, both inbound and outbound,” he said.

“The spate or frequency of these thefts also increases during busy travel periods such as the holiday or festive seasons.”

According to the pilot, the thieves would operate as a team of several individuals, depending on the flight and size of the aircraft.

He said catching them in the act could be difficult, as they would have a game plan.

“First, they would be travelling as separate individuals,” he said.

CLICK TO ENLARGE

“They would also scout potential victims at the boarding gate prior to the flight.”

The crime would normally be perpetrated when the plane was at cruising altitude and once the cabin lights were dimmed for sleeping.

One of the individuals would attempt to retrieve their bag from the overhead compartment and in the process rummage through the belongings of the targeted victim.

Upon making off with the valuables, the person would pass the stolen items to their accomplice at drop-off points such as the aircraft lavatory.

“Because of this, it is difficult to apprehend these criminals,” said the pilot.

“If caught red-handed, they would simply admit that they had mistakenly taken the wrong bag and apologise. If they suspected that the crew had found out that a theft had taken place, they would toss the item away, making it look like the victim had misplaced it.

“In the event that a theft had been confirmed and the suspects were apprehended, the pilot would transmit a message through ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) to the ground station for a security team to investigate and apprehend the suspects.”

For those who have fallen victim to these thefts, the airlines are not considered responsible for the missing valuables or personal belongings.

Those who had travel insurance would also have to provide a police report and a detailed account from the airline to prove and corroborate that the item(s) were indeed stolen during the flight, said an insurance expert.

“Insurers will require solid proof to accept a claim, failing which it will be construed that the loss of the items is due to negligence,” he added.

“If the claim is accepted, the settlement or quantum for the lost items will be based on the policy and coverage.”

Some airlines have already begun taking steps to limit the incidence of in-flight thefts.

This includes making frequent announcements to remind passengers to be mindful of their personal belongings and not to change seats during the flight.

On some flights, cabin lights will be dimmed instead of being turned off to reduce opportunities for theft.

If there are suspected individuals identified by the security team on the ground, a memo will be issued to the crew.

The ground staff will also be instructed to assign these individuals to window seats instead of the aisle seat to restrict their movement.

If there are suspicions that these criminals are on board, the cabin crew will also be instructed to be alert and step up patrols during the flight.

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Heralding the Golden Age of Cryptocurrency

 ■ Presidentelect Donald Trump’s embrace of cryptocurrencies marks a pivotal moment

■ Analysts projecting Bitcoin to reach US$200,000 by end-2025

■ The outlook for Bitcoin and the broader crypto market is overwhelmingly positive, but risks remain

THE cryptocurrency world is buzzing with speculation that bitcoin could reach an unprecedented US$200,000 by 2025. While bitcoin has yet to stabilise around the US$100,000 mark, its meteoric rise in 2024 has emboldened investors and analysts to project a bullish future for the world’s leading digital asset.

Bitwise Asset Management, a prominent voice in the crypto sphere, has described the upcoming year as the Golden Age of Crypto.

According to the firm, the regulatory landscape in the United States has significantly improved following the 2024 US elections. President-elect Donald Trump’s embrace of cryptocurrencies marks a pivotal moment.

“We believe we are entering the Golden Age of Crypto,” Bitwise analysts, led by chief investment officer Matt Hougan and head of research Ryan Rasmussen, state in the group’s report.

Bitwise expects Crypto’s magnificent three – Bitcoin, Ethereum and Solanato – to hit new all-time highs in 2025, with bitcoin leading the rise to trade above US$200,000.

In addition to Bitwise, other analysts projecting bitcoin to reach US$200,000 include Geoff Kendrick, head of crypto research at Standard Chartered, and analysts at Bernstein, led by Gautam Chhugani.

Kendrick forecasts that bitcoin could hit this milestone by the end of 2025, driven by institutional investments in bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFS).

In a recent note, he stated that Standard Chartered’s target of US$200,000 by 2025 is “achievable”, adding: “We would become even more bullish if bitcoin experienced accelerated adoption by US retirement funds, global sovereign wealth funds, or the establishment of a potential US strategic reserve fund.

“We anticipate institutional flows to continue at or exceed the pace set in 2024. Microstrategy, for instance, is ahead of its Us$42bil threeyear plan, suggesting its purchases in 2025 will likely match or surpass those of 2024.”

Meanwhile, Bernstein’s analysts attribute their bitcoin price target of US$200,000 by end-2025 to unprecedented demand stemming from spot bitcoin ETFS managed by leading asset managers, according to media reports.

Trump effect

Essentially, crypto has emerged as a clear winner in the 2024 US elections, giving it a brighter regulatory outlook in the United States, Bitwise notes.

For one thing, Trump has announced plans to create a strategic bitcoin reserve and nominated Scott Bessent as Treasury Secretary. Bessent’s earlier comment that “crypto is about freedom and the crypto economy is here to stay” reflects the administration’s pro-crypto stance. The reshuffling of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which has historically taken a sceptical view of digital assets, adds another layer of optimism.

Similarly, Bernstein analysts attribute bitcoin’s rise to Trump’s support for cryptocurrencies. They point out that his plan to position the United States as a global leader in the crypto space and his choice of Paul Atkins, a known crypto advocate, to lead the SEC have bolstered market confidence.

Record highs

Bitcoin has since cooled to below US$95,000 at the time of writing, after reaching an alltime high of US$103,992 earlier this month.

This marks a 141.72% increase year-to-date as of Dec 6, 2024. According to Bitwise, the surge was largely driven by the US launch of spot bitcoin ETFS, which set records with Us$33.6bil in inflows within their first year.

Other crypto assets, including Ethereum and Solana, also posted substantial year-to-date gains of 75.77% and 127.71%, respectively. This performance highlights how cryptocurrencies, led by bitcoin, ethereum and solana, have outpaced all major asset classes in 2024.

Crypto equities mirrored this bullish trend. Companies like Microstrategy and Coinbase saw their shares skyrocket by 525.39% and 97.57%, respectively. In comparison, traditional assets such as the S&P 500 and gold returned 28.07% and 27.65% over the same period, highlighting crypto’s dominance.

Catalysts for next milestone

The factors driving bitcoin’s trajectory towards US$200,000 are multifaceted, Bitwise highlights. The launch of bitcoin

ETFS in 2024 shattered expectations, and Bitwise believes 2025 will see even greater inflows.

“When US spot bitcoin ETFS launched in January 2024, ETF experts forecast the group to see Us$5bil to Us$15bil of inflows in their first year. They passed the higher end of that range within the first six months.

“Since launching, the record-setting ETFS have gathered Us$33.6bil in inflows. We expect 2025’s inflows to top that,” Bitwise says.

Drawing a parallel with gold ETFS launched in 2004, Bitwise notes that ETF inflows typically accelerate in subsequent years.

“The best historical analogy we have for the bitcoin ETF launch is the launch of gold ETFS in 2004. Flows petering out would be unusual,” it explains.

At present, major financial institutions such as Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, and Bank of America have yet to fully embrace bitcoin ETFS.

Bitwise anticipates this to change in 2025, unlocking a wave of institutional investments. “The trillions of dollars these firms manage will start flowing into bitcoin ETFS,” Bitwise predicts.

Risk tolerance

While bitcoin remains the focal point, other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum and Solana are also poised for substantial gains in 2025. Bitwise’s price targets for Ethereum and Solana are US$7,000 and US$750, respectively.

Ethereum, despite its impressive 2024 performance, has faced competition from fastergrowing programmable blockchains.

However, Bitwise anticipates a “narrative shift” as activity on

Layer 2 blockchains and spot Ethereum ETFS gain traction.

Solana’s resurgence, driven by memecoin mania in 2024, is also expected to continue as serious projects migrate to its network, it says.

Meanwhile, JP Morgan points out that the role of crypto in portfolio construction is mostly a function of risk tolerance.

“Cryptocurrencies are inherently unpredictable: there is little visibility into future price movements and blockchain technology, while exciting, also has few barriers to entry, meaning tokens can become obsolete (and therefore worthless) as new ones enter the market with improved functionality,” the US asset management company cautions.

“As a result, for most investors, any allocation to crypto in a portfolio should be kept both small enough to ensure that even in the event of a significant sell-off it does not derail overall portfolio objectives and well diversified,” it adds.

While the outlook for bitcoin and the broader crypto market is overwhelmingly positive, risks remain.

Regulatory clarity, though improving, is still a work in progress.

The global economic environment, including interest-rate policies and geopolitical tensions, could also impact investor sentiment.

However, the convergence of favourable regulatory developments, institutional adoption and technological advancements positions bitcoin as a strong contender to achieve new heights, potentially reshaping the global financial landscape.

By CECILIA kok cecilia_kok@thestar.com.my

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